Možnosti renaturácie lužných lesov v inundačnom území Dunaja z hľadiska súčasných perspektív prirodzenej obnovy.

Pišút, P., Uherčíková, E. 1993:  Možnosti renaturácie lužných lesov v inundačnom území Dunaja z hľadiska súčasných perspektív prirodzenej obnovy. Životné prostredie, 3: 124 - 129. 

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Unikátna pohľadnica. Letecká snímka Bratislavy zo začiatku 20. storočia.

Pišút, P. 1998. Unikátna pohľadnica. Letecká snímka Bratislavy zo začiatku 20. storočia (An unique postcard. Aerial view of Bratislava from early 20th century). Quark, č. 8, s. 23 - 25.

Letecká snínka Bratislavy z roku 1905 vo forme dobovej pohľadnice je skutočným unikátom. Má jedinečnú historickú hodnotu aj z obsahovej stránky. Zachytáva totiž v detailnej podorbnosti priestor Bratislavy pred ďalekosiahlymi, nezvratnými zmenami a súvislou zástavbou pôvodnej pririečnej krajiny, ktoré od základov vyvrátili podobu starého sveta.

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Keď rieky väznil ľad. Príbeh "bežnej" dunajskej povodne obdobia Malej doby ľadovej

Pišút, P., Čejka, T. 2011. Keď rieky väznil ľad. Príbeh "bežnej" dunajskej povodne obdobia Malej doby ľadovej (Rivers imprisoned in the Ice). Thoe story of "commonplace" Danube flood of the Little Ice Age period). In: Říční krajina /River Landscape 7, Olomouc 2011, s. 136 - 141.

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Plán, znázorňujúci novovybudovaný úsek petržalskej cestnej hrádze aj zvyšky starej, s úsekom, pretrhnutým pri ľadovej povodni v r. 1809, ktorým vzdutá voda v marci 1826 zaplavila  rozsiahle oblasti pravobrežnej nivy  

Since 1965, the Danube River in Bratislava, Slovakia has not been completely frozen. However, in the past the ice on Slovak rivers was a common phenomenon. But river ice  also signalled the imminent threat of dangerous and hard-to-predict ice floods. Floods due to ice barriers often accompanying ice break-up were common in our latitudes  during periods of  wetter and cooler climate (e. g. Little Ice Age). The ice was responsible for some of the most disastrous floodings in European rivers. Despite the current extent of river regulations and ongoing global warming, the threat of ice-jam floods is far from being over. In this respect, study of past winter type floodings can provide us with precious knowledge of the origin, course and possible consequences of these natural hazards. In this paper we report of so far little known ice-breakup flood of 1826, that occurred in the Danube River, Slovakia. After six weeks of frozen Danube the relatively cold winter eventually ended with the ice disintegration and movement on February 27, 1826. Clogging of the Danube channel with ice resulted into succesive ice jam flooding in the Bratislava reach and in some parts of Žitný ostrov Island. Our findings are based on reports from local newspaper (Preßburger Zeitung) and cartographic evidence.

Mäkkýše Slovanského ostrova pri Bratislave a poznámky ku genéze lokality.

Čačaný, J., Čejka, T., Pišút, P. 2012. Mäkkýše Slovanského ostrova pri Bratislave a poznámky ku genéze lokality. Molluscs of the Slovanský ostrov island (Bratislava City, Slovakia) and notes to the site development in the past. Acta Rer. Natur. Mus. Nat. Slov., Vol. 58: 103 – 111.

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Slovanský ostrov Island – reconstructed development based on some historical map depictions

Map reconstruction showing developmental stages of Slovanský ostrov Island (projected into the 1920s navigation chart). Legend: 1 – oldest part of the island with earliest stage of vegetation succession in 1850s (floodplain age ~ 157 years); 2 – part deposited after the Danube channelization (alluvium age ± 122 yr);  3 – floodplain segments deposited since 1925 (maximum age of alluvium 87 yr); 4 – residual water bodies of former upstream entrance of the side channel; 5 – land relief affected by man (fillings, disturbances etc.).

Výsledky analýzy rastlinných makrozvyškov z výplne paleomeandra Dunaja pri obci Vrakúň (Žitný ostrov).

Pišút, P., Procházka, P. 2012. Výsledky analýzy rastlinných makrozvyškov z výplne paleomeandra Dunaja pri obci Vrakúň (Žitný ostrov). (Results of the analysis of plant macrofossil of the sedimentary fill of the Danube River palaeomeander (Vrakúň site, Žitný ostrov Island).

The paper presents results of a palaeobotanical study of the Danube River terrestrialised meander Vrakúň (Žitný ostrov Island, SW Slovakia). In total 1 470 diaspores separated from the 280 cm deep core contained mainly seeds of aquatic and marsh plant species, but also the charophyte oospores. Based on plant-macrofossil record supported by radiocarbon data, four local analytical zones were distinguished in the studied core. After the meander abandonment around 510 BC, local hydroseral succession started with the (1) initial calcareous, oligotrophic lake with algae, advanced through (2) eutrophic lake with aquatics and rich littoral vegetation into the (3) lake overgrown with Typha or reed beds and 4. shallow open marsh with Cyperaceae, which have eventually develeoped into the current fen grasslands. The study brings new data on past distribution of several species, which are currently listed as endangered, rare and protected (e. g. Cladium mariscus, Nymphaea alba, Nuphar lutea) and elucidates a formation of local vegetation over the past millenia.

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Fig. 1 Plant macrofossil diagram from the profile Vrakúň, palaeomeander (histogram based on absolute numbers of diaspore in the horizons). Legend: LAZ - local analytical zone, C - layer with greater number of charred plant remains.

Geomorphic response to the Little Ice Age in Slovakia.

Stankoviansky, M., Pišút, P. 2011. Geomorphic response to the Little Ice Age in Slovakia. Geographia Polonica, 84, Special Issue Part 1, 127 - 146.

Geomorphic response to the Little Ice Age (LIA; ca 1250-1890 AD) in Slovakia was marked by the increased occurence and effectiveness of fluvial, runoff, and some gravitational processes. We identified four periods of increased frequency of big floods, namely: (1250) 1378-1526 AD, the 1560s-1570s, the 1590s-1620s, and the 1660s-1850s, while the last period shows two stages (the 1660s-1720s and the 1760s-1850s). Three identified periods of disastrous gullying accompanied by muddy floods (the 14th century, the mid-16th century - the 1730s, the 1780s - the mid-19th century) refer to temporal conformity of both fluvial and runoff processes. High frequency of debris flows in the Slovak part of the Tatra Mts. occured in the period of 1400-1860 AD. Sparse mentions on precipitation -induced particular events of debris flows, landslides or rockfalls are mostly linked with simultanoues occurrence of floods.








Breaches to the side-channel closure (and dike) at the village of Rusovce (Carlburg), illustrating the destructive force of the 1780 and 1784 ice floods.

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Príspevok k poznaniu genézy pôd a pôdnej pokrývky na Žitnom ostrove (paleomeander Dunaja, Nekyje).

Pišút, P., Procházka, J. 2011. Príspevok k poznaniu genézy pôd a pôdnej pokrývky na Žitnom ostrove (paleomeander Dunaja, Nekyje). (A contribution to the knowledge of soil genesis and soilscape on Žitný ostrov Island (paleomeander of the Danube River, Nekyje site). S. 239 - 246. In Sobocká, J. (ed.) Diagnostika, klasifikácia a mapovanie pôd. Výskumný ústav pôdoznalectva a ochrany pôdy, Bratislava, 335 s.


Pôdna mapa paleomeandra Nekyje.
Soil map of the palaeomeander Nekyje.
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Využitie digitálneho modelu reliéfu pri optimalizácii rozmiestnenia pôdnych sond

Jenčo, M., Pišút, P. 2011. Využitie digitálneho modelu reliéfu pri optimalizácii rozmiestnenia pôdnych sond (Use of digital terrain model for an optimal spatial pattering of soil probes). S. 225 - 231. In Sobocká, J. (ed.) Diagnostika, klasifikácia a mapovanie pôd. Výskumný ústav pôdoznalectva a ochrany pôdy, Bratislava, 335 s.

Detailed structure of the pedosphere, as being substantially affected by geometrical land surface forms is respected in majority of pedogeographical studies. This influence is also markedly felt in alluvial soils. The knowledge of the relation between the land surface and soil properties can be used in soil mapping. Optimal spatial pattering of the soil probes based on land surface forms enables reducing of their number in the area surveyed, without consequences on the quality of mapping. By mapping of soils in the alluvial areas we can encounter the problem of the absency of representative information on elevations needed to establish a DTM. Nevertheless, this is not an insoluble problem. In this paper we apply this approach to the model territory of the Danube medieval palaeomeander (Medveďov site, Žitný ostrov Island, Slovakia). Surveyd area is characterised by variety of fluvisols to gleysols situated in the lowermost depressed parts of the landscape. According to field survey, local soils appear to be not so heterogenous as might be expected from the complexity of land surface with alternating several convex and concave forms. This fact can be be explained by lowering of the regional groundwater table in recent decades. There is also textural change of the topsoil humus horison which has been probably affected by the agricultural methods used in the past decades. Current properties of the topsoil humus horisons have been affected by mixing of the original finer alluvial deposits with the coarser ones from the substrate horisons.


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Dunajská povodeň roku 1787 a Bratislava.

Pišút, P., 2011. Dunajská povodeň roku 1787 a Bratislava (The 1787 flood of the River Danube in Bratislava). Geografický časopis, 63 (1): 87-109, English abstract and summary.

The flood that occurred at the turn of October and November of 1787 was probably the second largest one on record of the last millenium in the River Danube. This "All Saints´flood hit most badly the Austrian reach of the Upper Danube and the Slovak section of the Middle Danube with the severest material damage to the area of contemporary greater Bratislava (suburbs of Petržalka and Rusovce). With the estimated peak flow of 11,800 m3.s-1 it had a character of a 200-500 year flood in Bratislava. This paper is aimed to reconstruct the causes, course and effects of the flood, mainly based on analysis of contemporary reports published in the local German newspaper Presburger Zeitung, supplemented by the 1781-1790 manuscipt maps. This flood was exceptional for its occurrence in the autumn period with pronounced geomorphic effects. Fortunately, the high flow only took a minimum toll of lives in Slovakia and its destructive impact on residential buildings, boat mills and vessels was not as devastating as in the case of other large floods, especially those caused by the jammed ice. Nevertheless, it was one of the most destructive events (1787, 1809) that badly damaged the right-bank artificial levee of Petržalka, an important local protective structure intended to prevent flooding and facilitate transportation to Vienna.

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Šúrsky les a Panónsky háj na starších mapách

Pišút, P., Timár, G., Vidlička, Ľ. 2010. Šúrsky les a Panónsky háj na starších mapách. In Majzlan, O., Vidlička, Ľ. (eds.) Príroda rezervácie Šúr. Ústav zoológie SAV, pp. 23-66. In Slovak, with English abstract, 1 Tab, 26 Figs.

Šúr a Panónsky háj v roku 1769 na chotárnej mape mape Svätého Jura, ktorú zhotovil Samuel Krieger. Dnešné hranice rezervácií sú vyznačené modrou a čiernou čiarou.
Nature Reserve Šúr and Panónsky háj woodlands on 1769 local manuscript maps by Samuel Krieger, that has been georeferred into the current S-JTSK system.
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Paleofloristic and paleofaunistic analysis of Dudváh River oxbow and implication for Late Holocene paleoenvironmental development...

Pišút, P., Břízová, E., Čejka, T., Pipík, R. 2010: Paleofloristic and paleofaunistic analysis of Dudváh River oxbow and implication for Late Holocene paleoenvironmental development of the Žitný ostrov Island (SW Slovakia). Geologica Carpathica, 2010, 61 (6): 513-533.

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Abstract: Žitný ostrov, the largest island of the Danube River (SW Slovakia) was formed to its present-day shape in the Neoholocene period. As a result of increased flood and geomorphological Danube river activity dated to 1378-1528 AD, the lower Dudváh River was abandoned and its alluvium became a part of the Žitný ostrov. Study of Dudváh terrestrialised palaeomeander by means of pollen and macrofossil analysis provides new information about the palaeoenvironments of the Danube Plain. Meander under study was cut-off during the Sub-Boreal period when the land was mostly covered by oak-dominated mixed forest with a notable high frequency of Fagus and Abies. At low-lying depressions, Alnus glutinosa have formed typical alder carrs. The largest decline of the mixed forest occurred during the Sub-Atlantic period. Until the mid-19^th century the region was strongly influenced by shallow groundwater and periodical floods, as reflected by pollen of aquatics and marsh species. Amongst non-arboreal taxa, pollen of Cyperaceae, Brassicaceae/Cuscuta, Poaceae and Apiaceae prevailed. Local successional changes started with i. stage of abandoned oxbow still with influx of moving water, poor in both macrophytes and molluscs, ii. shallow eutrophic oxbow lake with slowly flowing or stagnant water overgrowing with aquatics (Ranunculus subgen. Batrachium, Potamogeton sp., Ceratophyllum demersum etc.) abound with molluscs, iii. an open marsh dominated by Cyperaceae (mainly Carex riparia) with Atriplex prostrata, supporting diverse molluscan and Ostracod fauna. Present-day habitat is a result of landscape changes, which have been associated with draining, intensified agriculture, ruderalisation and spread of invasive species.

Holocénní vývoj nivy Dudváhu (lokalita Štúrová, Žitný ostrov, Slovensko).

Břízová, E., Pišút, P., Čejka, T., Uherčíková, E. 2007. Holocénní vývoj nivy Dudváhu (lokalita Štúrová, Žitný ostrov, Slovensko). In Měkotová, J., Štěrba, O. (eds.) Říční krajina 5, Olomouc, Přírodov. fakulta Univ. Palackého, s. 22-31.

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Protiturecké pevnosti na ochranu bratislavského predmostia na historických mapách 17.-19. storočia.

Pišút, P., 2006. Protiturecké pevnosti na ochranu bratislavského predmostia na historických mapách 17.-19. storočia. Anti-Ottoman fortifications for protection of Bratislava´s bridgehead on the 17th-19th century historical maps. In Feranec, J., Pravda, J. (eds.) Aktivity v kartografii 2006. Bratislava, Kartografická spol. SR a Geografický ústav SAV, s. 166-179.

Pôvodná línia petržalských zemných násypov a opevnení s datovaním do r. 1663, zákres na mape A. E. Friča z r. 1751 (mapa č. 3 v prílohe).
Svah zemnej pevnôstky - reduty z r. 1809 severne od Viedenskej cesty, chrániacej prístup k bratislavskému púredmostiu.
Detail pôdorysov dvoch z opevnení na katastrálnej mape Petržalky z r. 1856 (mapa č. 10 v prílohe), indikované hlavne priebehom hraníc jednotlivých parciel.

This paper examines almost unknown fortifications built to defend strategically important Bratislava´s bridgehead in Petržalka. Interpretation of the 18th – 19th historical maps combined with literary data allows to recognise 3 stages in development of redoubts and earthen embankments, which were most likely first constructed in 1682-3. Remnants of originally eight modest-size redoubts, linked with 2 km long embankment, were during the Napoleonic war (1809) rebuilt by Austrian military into 6 larger, polygonal-shaped earthen outposts. Eventually, during the revolution in 1848 two of them near the Vienna highway were repeteadly strengthened by Hungarian Honvéd Army. Their remnants survived until today.

Endangerment of the village Čunovo (Slovakia) by lateral erosion of the Danube River in the 18th Century.

Pišút, P., 2008. Endangerment of the village Čunovo (Slovakia) by lateral erosion of the Danube River in the 18th Century. Moravian Geographical Reports, 16 (4): 33-44. 9 Figs., 39 refs., 18 historical map references.

Analysis of old maps enabled reconstruction of extremely dynamic channel changes of the Danube River along the part of its Slovak reach at the end of the 18th century. Prior to 1790, rapid development of a new Danube meander led to partial destruction of the small village Čunovo near Bratislava. Stone groynes were constructed to protect the undercut banks and to divert the flow into the new channel. Retreat of eroded banks at Čunovo over the periods 1783-1790 and 1790-1794 reached up to 432 and 229 m, respectively. Corresponding maximum rates of lateral erosion 57-72 m per year and/or 31-76 m during a single event are comparatively high in Central European conditions. Initiation and rapid development of the new meander were related to 1) increased river activity during the last onset of the Little Ice Age period, 2) serious channel changes after 1760 on the immediately upstream reach from Bratislava to Rusovce, 3) siltation of the Lesser Danube, but also to 4) local predisposition of the floodplain topography.

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Najstaršie mapky bratislavského Ružinova zo 16. storočia. Earliest manuscript maps of the Bratislava´s suburb Ružinov from the 16th century.

Pišút, P., 2004. Najstaršie mapky bratislavského Ružinova zo 16. storočia. Pamiatky a múzeá, 2, s. 44-48.

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Vých. časť dnešného Ružinova podľa mapky z 90. rokov 16. storočia. V strede Mlynský ostrov, oddelený Malým Dunajom a ramenom Karpfenwasser. Vpravo časť Grösslingu a lodné mlyny pri Dunajskom predmestí.

Hypotetická rekonštrukcia dunajského koryta pri Bratislave podľa mapiek z konca 16. storočia. Podklad = situácia podľa mapy z 50. rokov 20. storočia, stav spred výstavby sídlisk. Malé čierne šipky - smer brehovej erózie Malého Dunaja v 17. storočí.

Meandrovanie Dunaja pri Bodíkoch pred zmenou charakteru riečiska v 18. storočí.

Pišút, P., 1995. Meandrovanie Dunaja pri Bodíkoch pred zmenou charakteru riečiska v 18. storočí. Geografický časopis, 47 (4): 285-298.

O pôvode názvov dunajských ostrovov Alberwerd a Rudten Leber. The etymology of the Danube Islands Alberwerd and Rudten Leber.

Pišút, P. 2005. O pôvode názvov dunajských ostrovov Alberwerd a Rudten Leber. Spisy Mestského múzea v Bratislave (Acta Musei Civitatas Bratislavensis), zväzok XVII. Bratislava, Mestské múzeum v Bratislave, s.

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Ostrovy Alberwertel a Rudten Leber (vtedy ešte ako bezmenná devínska niva, Töbner Au) na výseku mapy mestských nív od Juraja Rossboitnera z r. 1699. Mapa Jozefa v. Kiša z r. 1778, Archív mesta Bratislavy.
Topoľ čierny - Alber(n) (Populus nigra L.), osamelý mohykán z Vlčieho Hrdla. Foto P.Pišút.

Historical Danube island A l b e r w e r d (werd = older German term for river island) is first evidenced by written sources among several mediaeval islands of Bratislava in 1481 – 1525 (as Alberwer(d)t, Alberswerdt) and later in 1567 – 1578. Additional similar Alberwertel (wertel „little island“) is depicted on a 1698 – 1702 maps (Fig. 1). The island developed from the original gravel bar in the contemporary Danube mainchannel sometime in the late sixteenth- or early seventeenth century (Fig. 2). By colonisation and rapid growth of tree vegetation (Salix sp., Populus sp.) it gradually evolved into 1.7 km long Island of St. Nicolaus (Fig. 3). Alber(n) is German term for a Poplar tree (Populus L.). The local Germans of Pressburg (Bratislava) narrowed its meaning to the Black Poplar (Populus nigra L.). Modern Slovak equivalent for a toponym Alberwerd is „(Black) Poplar Island“. Several hydro- and toponyms were derived from Poplar trees or stands, e. g. the name of the village Albern (today part of Simmering, Vienna city district) or former island Alber(n)haufen (1880 - 1991) near Regensbrunn, at the Austrian stretch of the Danube floodplain upstream from Bratislava.
There was another island with an interesting name close to Alberwertel. Whereas in 1698-1702 (Fig. 1) it was still an unnamed island in possession of Devín (Töbner Au), during 18th century (Fig. 3, 6) it became larger and known as Ru(d)ten-Leber island (Fig. 6). The name consists of German words Rutte(n) and Leber „liver“. Die Rutte (or der Rutten) is the Upper German name for the fish Burbot (Freshwater Codfish, Eelpout, Lota lota, Fig. 5). Burbot is the only European freshwater representative of the Codfish family, common in the Danube. The liver of Burbot have long been a culinary delicacy. The Rudten Leber island was „The Burbot´s Liver“! This bizarre name must have been given to the island by fishermen. Most probably, there was a near resemblance between planform of initial island, clearly seen from adjacent hillslopes (= mid-channel vegetated bar with two accreting lateral gravel bars) and specific three-lobed shape of burbot´s liver. From fishermen´s slang also come names of other local disappeared islands (Gressling; Wolfssdrüssel / Fischdrüssel; Fűszort) and channels (Karpfenwasser).
The 18th Century Rudten Leber island eventually developed into the current Sihoť island, which plays an important role in supplying of drinking water to Bratislava.

Zmena bratislavského Dunaja podľa historických máp.

Pišút, P. 1997. Zmena bratislavského Dunaja podľa historických máp. In Kováčová, M. (ed.) Historické mapy. Zborník z vedeckej konferencie (Bratislava 24. – 25. 4. 1997). Bratislava, Kartografická spoločnosť SR, Slovenský národný archív, 1997. S. 103-114.

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Dunajské ramená v historickom jadre Bratislavy.

Baxa, P., Čejka, T., Hajnalová, M., Pišút, P., Ševčáková, A., 2003. Dunajské ramená v historickom jadre Bratislavy. In: Hašek, V., Nekuda, R., Unger, J. (eds.): Ve službách archeologie IV. : Sborník k 75. narozeninám prof. PhDr. V. Nekudy, DrSc. Brno, Muzejní a vlastivědná společnost v Brně; Geodrill; Nitra : Archeol. ústav SAV, 2003. S. 135-146.

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Riečne nánosy výplne bývalého Greslinsgského ramena (súčasť Malého Dunaja, stredovekého Čalova), na mieste dnešnej poisťovne Wüstenrot, Dostojevského rad v Bratislave, datované do 16.-17. storočia.

Vybielená subfosílna lastúra korýtka (Unio sp.), ktoré žilo na dne ramena niekedy v 16. storočí.

Z histórie prírodnej rezervácie Gajc.

Pišút, P., 2004. Z histórie prírodnej rezervácie Gajc. From the history of Nature Reserve Gajc. Biskupické Noviny, 4 (2): s. 5.

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Gajc, interiér lužného lesa s topoľom sivým (Populus x canescens), jaseňom (Fraxinus excelsior), javorom horským (Acer pseudoplatanus), drieňom (Cornus mas) a ďalšími drevinami na stanovišti, modelovanom ešte v 18. storočí bočnými ramenami Dunaja.