Dunajská povodeň roku 1787 a Bratislava.

Pišút, P., 2011. Dunajská povodeň roku 1787 a Bratislava (The 1787 flood of the River Danube in Bratislava). Geografický časopis, 63 (1): 87-109, English abstract and summary.

The flood that occurred at the turn of October and November of 1787 was probably the second largest one on record of the last millenium in the River Danube. This "All Saints´flood hit most badly the Austrian reach of the Upper Danube and the Slovak section of the Middle Danube with the severest material damage to the area of contemporary greater Bratislava (suburbs of Petržalka and Rusovce). With the estimated peak flow of 11,800 m3.s-1 it had a character of a 200-500 year flood in Bratislava. This paper is aimed to reconstruct the causes, course and effects of the flood, mainly based on analysis of contemporary reports published in the local German newspaper Presburger Zeitung, supplemented by the 1781-1790 manuscipt maps. This flood was exceptional for its occurrence in the autumn period with pronounced geomorphic effects. Fortunately, the high flow only took a minimum toll of lives in Slovakia and its destructive impact on residential buildings, boat mills and vessels was not as devastating as in the case of other large floods, especially those caused by the jammed ice. Nevertheless, it was one of the most destructive events (1787, 1809) that badly damaged the right-bank artificial levee of Petržalka, an important local protective structure intended to prevent flooding and facilitate transportation to Vienna.

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Šúrsky les a Panónsky háj na starších mapách

Pišút, P., Timár, G., Vidlička, Ľ. 2010. Šúrsky les a Panónsky háj na starších mapách. In Majzlan, O., Vidlička, Ľ. (eds.) Príroda rezervácie Šúr. Ústav zoológie SAV, pp. 23-66. In Slovak, with English abstract, 1 Tab, 26 Figs.

Šúr a Panónsky háj v roku 1769 na chotárnej mape mape Svätého Jura, ktorú zhotovil Samuel Krieger. Dnešné hranice rezervácií sú vyznačené modrou a čiernou čiarou.
Nature Reserve Šúr and Panónsky háj woodlands on 1769 local manuscript maps by Samuel Krieger, that has been georeferred into the current S-JTSK system.
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Protiturecké pevnosti na ochranu bratislavského predmostia na historických mapách 17.-19. storočia.

Pišút, P., 2006. Protiturecké pevnosti na ochranu bratislavského predmostia na historických mapách 17.-19. storočia. Anti-Ottoman fortifications for protection of Bratislava´s bridgehead on the 17th-19th century historical maps. In Feranec, J., Pravda, J. (eds.) Aktivity v kartografii 2006. Bratislava, Kartografická spol. SR a Geografický ústav SAV, s. 166-179.

Pôvodná línia petržalských zemných násypov a opevnení s datovaním do r. 1663, zákres na mape A. E. Friča z r. 1751 (mapa č. 3 v prílohe).
Svah zemnej pevnôstky - reduty z r. 1809 severne od Viedenskej cesty, chrániacej prístup k bratislavskému púredmostiu.
Detail pôdorysov dvoch z opevnení na katastrálnej mape Petržalky z r. 1856 (mapa č. 10 v prílohe), indikované hlavne priebehom hraníc jednotlivých parciel.

This paper examines almost unknown fortifications built to defend strategically important Bratislava´s bridgehead in Petržalka. Interpretation of the 18th – 19th historical maps combined with literary data allows to recognise 3 stages in development of redoubts and earthen embankments, which were most likely first constructed in 1682-3. Remnants of originally eight modest-size redoubts, linked with 2 km long embankment, were during the Napoleonic war (1809) rebuilt by Austrian military into 6 larger, polygonal-shaped earthen outposts. Eventually, during the revolution in 1848 two of them near the Vienna highway were repeteadly strengthened by Hungarian Honvéd Army. Their remnants survived until today.

Endangerment of the village Čunovo (Slovakia) by lateral erosion of the Danube River in the 18th Century.

Pišút, P., 2008. Endangerment of the village Čunovo (Slovakia) by lateral erosion of the Danube River in the 18th Century. Moravian Geographical Reports, 16 (4): 33-44. 9 Figs., 39 refs., 18 historical map references.

Analysis of old maps enabled reconstruction of extremely dynamic channel changes of the Danube River along the part of its Slovak reach at the end of the 18th century. Prior to 1790, rapid development of a new Danube meander led to partial destruction of the small village Čunovo near Bratislava. Stone groynes were constructed to protect the undercut banks and to divert the flow into the new channel. Retreat of eroded banks at Čunovo over the periods 1783-1790 and 1790-1794 reached up to 432 and 229 m, respectively. Corresponding maximum rates of lateral erosion 57-72 m per year and/or 31-76 m during a single event are comparatively high in Central European conditions. Initiation and rapid development of the new meander were related to 1) increased river activity during the last onset of the Little Ice Age period, 2) serious channel changes after 1760 on the immediately upstream reach from Bratislava to Rusovce, 3) siltation of the Lesser Danube, but also to 4) local predisposition of the floodplain topography.

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Najstaršie mapky bratislavského Ružinova zo 16. storočia. Earliest manuscript maps of the Bratislava´s suburb Ružinov from the 16th century.

Pišút, P., 2004. Najstaršie mapky bratislavského Ružinova zo 16. storočia. Pamiatky a múzeá, 2, s. 44-48.

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Vých. časť dnešného Ružinova podľa mapky z 90. rokov 16. storočia. V strede Mlynský ostrov, oddelený Malým Dunajom a ramenom Karpfenwasser. Vpravo časť Grösslingu a lodné mlyny pri Dunajskom predmestí.

Hypotetická rekonštrukcia dunajského koryta pri Bratislave podľa mapiek z konca 16. storočia. Podklad = situácia podľa mapy z 50. rokov 20. storočia, stav spred výstavby sídlisk. Malé čierne šipky - smer brehovej erózie Malého Dunaja v 17. storočí.

Meandrovanie Dunaja pri Bodíkoch pred zmenou charakteru riečiska v 18. storočí.

Pišút, P., 1995. Meandrovanie Dunaja pri Bodíkoch pred zmenou charakteru riečiska v 18. storočí. Geografický časopis, 47 (4): 285-298.

O pôvode názvov dunajských ostrovov Alberwerd a Rudten Leber. The etymology of the Danube Islands Alberwerd and Rudten Leber.

Pišút, P. 2005. O pôvode názvov dunajských ostrovov Alberwerd a Rudten Leber. Spisy Mestského múzea v Bratislave (Acta Musei Civitatas Bratislavensis), zväzok XVII. Bratislava, Mestské múzeum v Bratislave, s.

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Ostrovy Alberwertel a Rudten Leber (vtedy ešte ako bezmenná devínska niva, Töbner Au) na výseku mapy mestských nív od Juraja Rossboitnera z r. 1699. Mapa Jozefa v. Kiša z r. 1778, Archív mesta Bratislavy.
Topoľ čierny - Alber(n) (Populus nigra L.), osamelý mohykán z Vlčieho Hrdla. Foto P.Pišút.

Historical Danube island A l b e r w e r d (werd = older German term for river island) is first evidenced by written sources among several mediaeval islands of Bratislava in 1481 – 1525 (as Alberwer(d)t, Alberswerdt) and later in 1567 – 1578. Additional similar Alberwertel (wertel „little island“) is depicted on a 1698 – 1702 maps (Fig. 1). The island developed from the original gravel bar in the contemporary Danube mainchannel sometime in the late sixteenth- or early seventeenth century (Fig. 2). By colonisation and rapid growth of tree vegetation (Salix sp., Populus sp.) it gradually evolved into 1.7 km long Island of St. Nicolaus (Fig. 3). Alber(n) is German term for a Poplar tree (Populus L.). The local Germans of Pressburg (Bratislava) narrowed its meaning to the Black Poplar (Populus nigra L.). Modern Slovak equivalent for a toponym Alberwerd is „(Black) Poplar Island“. Several hydro- and toponyms were derived from Poplar trees or stands, e. g. the name of the village Albern (today part of Simmering, Vienna city district) or former island Alber(n)haufen (1880 - 1991) near Regensbrunn, at the Austrian stretch of the Danube floodplain upstream from Bratislava.
There was another island with an interesting name close to Alberwertel. Whereas in 1698-1702 (Fig. 1) it was still an unnamed island in possession of Devín (Töbner Au), during 18th century (Fig. 3, 6) it became larger and known as Ru(d)ten-Leber island (Fig. 6). The name consists of German words Rutte(n) and Leber „liver“. Die Rutte (or der Rutten) is the Upper German name for the fish Burbot (Freshwater Codfish, Eelpout, Lota lota, Fig. 5). Burbot is the only European freshwater representative of the Codfish family, common in the Danube. The liver of Burbot have long been a culinary delicacy. The Rudten Leber island was „The Burbot´s Liver“! This bizarre name must have been given to the island by fishermen. Most probably, there was a near resemblance between planform of initial island, clearly seen from adjacent hillslopes (= mid-channel vegetated bar with two accreting lateral gravel bars) and specific three-lobed shape of burbot´s liver. From fishermen´s slang also come names of other local disappeared islands (Gressling; Wolfssdrüssel / Fischdrüssel; Fűszort) and channels (Karpfenwasser).
The 18th Century Rudten Leber island eventually developed into the current Sihoť island, which plays an important role in supplying of drinking water to Bratislava.

Zmena bratislavského Dunaja podľa historických máp.

Pišút, P. 1997. Zmena bratislavského Dunaja podľa historických máp. In Kováčová, M. (ed.) Historické mapy. Zborník z vedeckej konferencie (Bratislava 24. – 25. 4. 1997). Bratislava, Kartografická spoločnosť SR, Slovenský národný archív, 1997. S. 103-114.

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Deštrukcia Petržalky v druhej polovici 18. storočia laterálnou eróziou Dunaja.

Pišút, P., 1993. Deštrukcia Petržalky v 2. polovici 18. storočia laterálnou eróziou Dunaja. Geografický časopis, 45 (1): 41-52. In Slovak, English abstract and summary, 6 Figs., 7 refs.

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Príspevok historických máp k rekonštrukcii vývoja koryta Dunaja na uhorsko-rakúskej hranici (16.-19. storočie).

Pišút, P., 2005. Príspevok historických máp k rekonštrukcii vývoja koryta Dunaja na uhorsko-rakúskej hranici (16.-19. storočie). (Contribution of historical maps to the reconstruction of the Danube channel evolution near the old Hungarian-Austrian border (16th-19th centuries). In Pravda, J. (ed.): Historické mapy, pp. 167-181. In Slovak with English summary, 5 Figs., 23 historical map references, 17 refs.

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Časť toku Dunaja povyše Bratislavy s ostrovmi Grécka niva (Kriechenau) a Potenburská niva (Wottenburger Au), spolu s v tom čase spornými územiami na rukopisnej mapke z r. 1675. Archív mesta Bratislavy, inv. číslo. 1241.

Obr. 2 - Hypotetická rekonštrukcia koryta Dunaja povyše Bratislavy v 17. storočí. Písmeno S označuje lokalizáciu sporných území severne od Cesnakového ramena (znázornených na predchádzajúcej mapke), ktoré neskôr pririekli Wolfsthalu.

Channel evolution of the pre-channelized Danube River in Bratislava, Slovakia (1712-1886).

Pišút, P., 2002. Channel evolution of the pre-channelized Danube River in Bratislava, Slovakia (1712-1886). Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 27 (4): 369-390.

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Historical development of floodplain site using Mollusca and cartographic evidence.

Pišút, P., Čejka, T., 2002. Historical development of floodplain site using Mollusca and cartographic evidence. Ekológia (Bratislava), 21 (4): 378-396, 5 Tabs., 5 Figs., 44 refs.

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Dreviny ako hraničné objekty na území bratislavského Ružinova v 16.-18. storočí.

Pišút, P., 2003. Dreviny ako hraničné objekty na území bratislavského Ružinova v 16.-18. storočí. Acta Musei Civitatis Bratislavensis, Bratislava, s. 73-82. In Slovak, English summary, 1 Fig., 2 Tabs, 23 references.

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History of the Ostrov Kopáč island - História územia Ostrova Kopáč.

Pišút, P., Timár, G., 2007. História územia ostrova Kopáč, pp. 7-30. In: Majzlan, O. (ed.) Príroda ostrova Kopáč. Fytoterapia OZ, Bratislava, 287 s. In Slovak with English summary, 6 Figs.

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Ostrov Kopáč, jadro prírodnej rezervácie. Ostrov Kopáč Island, core of the current nature reserve: massive gravel body was deposited by major floods of 1780s-1810s, originally as a large point bar of rapidly developing Danube meander. Foto © P.Pišút.


Ostrov Kopáč, jarný aspekt. Foto 15.4.2007 © P.Pišút.

Zimná nálada na Kopáči. Foto 28.12.2008 © P.Pišút.

Reconstructed evolution of Lower Smrečianka River in its Response Zone according to Historical Maps.

Pišút, P., Tomčíková, I., 2008: Rekonštrukcia vývoja Smrečianky v jej odozvovej zóne podľa historických máp. Geographia Cassoviensis, 2 (2): 122-127. In Slovak, with English abstract and summary, 1 Tab., 3 Figs.

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Abstract:
Analysis of historical maps from 1770s-1860s within the ArcView GIS environment indicates, that past course of lower Smrečianka river (= right-side tributary of the Váh river in Liptovská kotlina Basin, N Slovakia) in its response zone significantly differed from the present one. The river was not only flowing parallel to the Váh towards west, but also exhibited a meandering planform then with sinuosity index of 1.56. The current low-sinuosity lower reach of Smrečianka (river km 0-1.9) resulted from an avulsion some time in 1820s.

Changes in the Danube riverbed from Bratislava to Komárno in the period prior to its regulation for medium water (1886-1896)

Pišút, P., 2006. Changes in the Danube riverbed from Bratislava to Komárno in the period prior to its regulation for medium water (1886 – 1896). In: Mucha, I.; Lisický, M. J. (eds.): Slovak-Hungarian Environmental Monitoring on the Danube. Bratisalava : Ground Water Consulting, s. 186-190. ISBN 80-968211-4-8.

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Obr.V.1.2 - Hypotetická rekonštrukcia rozvetvenia toku Dunaja do hlavných ramien na úseku Bratislava-Komárno v 11.-14. storočí.

Evolution of meandering lower Morava River (W Slovakia) during the first half of 20th Century.

Pišút, P.: Evolution of meandering lower Morava River (W Slovakia) during the first half of 20th Century. Geomorphologia Slovaca, 2006, 1, 3 figs., 4 tabs., 36 refs., 9 map. refs.

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This paper examines a development of the lower Morava river (Slovak – Austrian stretch) in the time period from 1896 until the river regulation (1951-1962), using historic cadastral maps. Study reach is located between Vysoká p. Morave and Marchegg (river kilometres 16-21). Morphometrical analysis, reconstruction of morphogenesis and morphochronology based on map superposition were aimed to describe channel forms and river planform development over time. Meandering Morava was a dynamic river system here with a continuous bend development at least since 1807. Retreat of outer banks after 1896 averaged 88 m (11-184 m), thus representing mean annual rate of lateral erosion 1.68 m.yr-1 (between 0.6 – 3.2 m dependent on a bend). Despite local channel shortening after a natural meander cutoff around 1906, there was a steady increase in sinuosity of model reach during the studied period, from 2.04 in 1896 to 2.27 in 1950s (present-day channelized Morava is only slightly sinuous river with s2000 = 1.183). The mainchannel development was significantly more dynamic (= narrower channel, minor radii of bends, almost twofold rates of lateral erosion) as of the synchronous evolution of a reference reach at Moravský Sv. Ján (rkm. 62 - 67). Correspondingly, a 100 m wide riverine belt with a soft floodplain woodland site had been forming at Moravský Sv. Ján almost twice as slowly as near Vysoká p. Morave (100 years in comparision to 60 yr). Research findings are of a key importance for predicting future channel changes in the case of Morava restoration by mainflow diversion back into selected cutoff sections.

Z najstaršej prírodnej histórie Mostnej nivy a Auparku

Pišút, P., 2004. From earlier natural history of the Bridge Island and Aupark. Acta Musei Civitatis Bratislavensis, 16, 2004, s. 47-74. In Slovak, English summary, 12 Figs., 1 Tab., 85 references.

The Sad J. Kráľa (Park of J. Kráľ), also known as Aupark, is a green oasis in the very heart of Bratislava. This paper examines the earliest history of this former floodplain, as it is documented by numerous historical maps, written sources and botanical evidence. Demolition of old Petržalka and successive extensive development of this city suburb meant decline for the territory, once favourite recreation place. But we watch in dismay that even now it is increasingly in conflict with plans of modern developers. Some unknown facts from its natural history are presented here, which emphasize its unique geomorphological, biological, historical and cultural values (see also a table, 12 reconstruction maps and ilustrative figures).
After some of the major floods around 1712, a new mid-channel gravel bar appeared in 500 m wide Danube mainchannel between Bratislava (then Pressburg) and the village of Petržalka (Engerau). Soon it developed into a more stable island by vertical accretion and vegetation-growth. Its position made crossing the river easier and safer. Before long, two bridges led to the island, hence its German name Brücken Au, Bruck Auel (= Bridge Island, B. islet). The traffic from Bratislava across the mainchannel was ensured by a „flying bridge“ (= ferry), whereas fixed bridge led from the island to Petržalka across shallower channel, later known as Höllwasser („Hell´s Water“) or Hellwasser („Clear, light water“). After its destruction by the ice flood in 1740, the wooden pile bridge was re-built into the 270 m long impressive structure. Bank revetment and several groynes were constructed to protect banks and the upstream end of the Bridge Island against floods. Original position of its southern bank where it was in 1751 still indicates a shallow terrain depression in the center of park.
After the construction of the right-side embankment with highway to Vienna in 1770s, Hellwasser channel was cut off and silted up quickly. Eventually, also the 200 m wide Croatian channel (Karlburger Arm) was dammed in 1776-1777. During this period of serious human interventions Brücken Au ceased to exist as an island. The original name fell into oblivion and the territory was colloquially referred to as Au, in der Au (= on the floodplain). In 1776, original floodplain forest was adapted into one of the first public parks in Central Europe, which became known as Aupark.
Botanical data presented in this study are mainly based on the work Flora Posoniensis (1791), written by Stephan Lumnitzer. List of 52 species of lower and higher plants reported from the Bridge Island comprises several plants, nowadays completely missing from here, vulnerable or critically endangered. We may also learn quite a lot about the character of local habitats in 1780s, which were either substantially altered or do not exist here any longer. The core of the island represented mature floodplain forest with dominant willows and Black Poplar (Populus nigra). Large areas of sand bars and banks were covered by incipient stages of floodplain forest and by shrub willows, with Purple Willow (Salix purpurea), Osier (S. viminalis), locally with German tamarisc (Myricaria germanica). Dry, elevated, sandy treeless banks were covered by heliophilous herbs. Among local trees, several had already been planted in the late 18th Century, such as the unique Yew (Taxus baccata) and some of sycamores (Platanus occidentalis).
Disastrous ice flood in January 1809 heavily damaged both public park and Vienna embankment. It also reactivated the Croatian channel, which became reconnected with the Danube after 31 years of siltation. To May of the same year dates back an earthen embankment, encircling the core of Bridge Island in total lenght of 1 447 m. It was built by Austrian corpses to protect strategical approach to Bratislava against progreding French military. In 1825 repair works at the embankment finally began and at the same time connection with the town was established via permanent bridge of boats. This aided further development of the right riverside (= establishment of Aucafé, Arena theatre etc.). In 1830s, damaged floodplain park was rebuilt into its today´s shape of an English park, which provides light, open views of the entire area.
The Bridge Island played an extraordinary role in life and development of modern Bratislava. This study shows that Aupark is not only public arboretum with renewed or re-built historical buildings, but it also represents a precious fragment of the past landscape with well-preserved natural floodplain landforms (= central terrain depression) and artificial landforms (Napoleonic embankment). This values must not be endangered by any of future decisions which might affect this area.

Humér – zaniknutá stredoveká rieka

Pišút, P., 2007. Humér - zaniknutá stredoveká rieka (Humér - disappeared medieval river).

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Before planform simplification, several channels were part of anabranching Danube River on the stretch between Bratislava and Komárno. This paper examines a disappeared medieval channel, reportedly over 30 km long, called Humér (in Hungarian: homorú „hollow, curved“, ér „river channel“). In medieval charters it is evidenced from several places, including the villages of Podunajské Biskupice, 16 km away Lehnice (1313 – 1325), Veľké Blahovo / Vydrany (fluvium Humurus, 1298) and the village of Ohrady (marsh Humoro, 1327). Reconstruction of former palaeochannel is based on historical, toponymical and geomorphological evidence (medieval charters data, 18th-19th century and modern topographical maps, field survey). It was found that at least two different channels of the same name existed at the area in question in the past. First and the most important Humér was a side channel of Malý Dunaj flowing from Podunajské Biskupice across Most n. Ostrove, Tomášov to Janíky. This meandering channel (= sinuosity degree 2.19) was only 20-30 m wide but at least 27 km long and it powered several water mills. It was abandoned some time after 1338. Another Humér was flowing via present-day Miloslavov across Mierovo towards the villages of Sása / Lehnice. Most probably, this branch was inactive as early as 1493 and had no connection with additional records of Humér from distant territories of Veľké Blahovo, Vydrany, Ohrady and Nekyje. Rather, they indicate that toponym homorú could be quite common name of minor meandering streams on the territory of historical Hungary.