Keď rieky väznil ľad. Príbeh "bežnej" dunajskej povodne obdobia Malej doby ľadovej

Pišút, P., Čejka, T. 2011. Keď rieky väznil ľad. Príbeh "bežnej" dunajskej povodne obdobia Malej doby ľadovej (Rivers imprisoned in the Ice). Thoe story of "commonplace" Danube flood of the Little Ice Age period). In: Říční krajina /River Landscape 7, Olomouc 2011, s. 136 - 141.

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Plán, znázorňujúci novovybudovaný úsek petržalskej cestnej hrádze aj zvyšky starej, s úsekom, pretrhnutým pri ľadovej povodni v r. 1809, ktorým vzdutá voda v marci 1826 zaplavila  rozsiahle oblasti pravobrežnej nivy  

Since 1965, the Danube River in Bratislava, Slovakia has not been completely frozen. However, in the past the ice on Slovak rivers was a common phenomenon. But river ice  also signalled the imminent threat of dangerous and hard-to-predict ice floods. Floods due to ice barriers often accompanying ice break-up were common in our latitudes  during periods of  wetter and cooler climate (e. g. Little Ice Age). The ice was responsible for some of the most disastrous floodings in European rivers. Despite the current extent of river regulations and ongoing global warming, the threat of ice-jam floods is far from being over. In this respect, study of past winter type floodings can provide us with precious knowledge of the origin, course and possible consequences of these natural hazards. In this paper we report of so far little known ice-breakup flood of 1826, that occurred in the Danube River, Slovakia. After six weeks of frozen Danube the relatively cold winter eventually ended with the ice disintegration and movement on February 27, 1826. Clogging of the Danube channel with ice resulted into succesive ice jam flooding in the Bratislava reach and in some parts of Žitný ostrov Island. Our findings are based on reports from local newspaper (Preßburger Zeitung) and cartographic evidence.

Geomorphic response to the Little Ice Age in Slovakia.

Stankoviansky, M., Pišút, P. 2011. Geomorphic response to the Little Ice Age in Slovakia. Geographia Polonica, 84, Special Issue Part 1, 127 - 146.

Geomorphic response to the Little Ice Age (LIA; ca 1250-1890 AD) in Slovakia was marked by the increased occurence and effectiveness of fluvial, runoff, and some gravitational processes. We identified four periods of increased frequency of big floods, namely: (1250) 1378-1526 AD, the 1560s-1570s, the 1590s-1620s, and the 1660s-1850s, while the last period shows two stages (the 1660s-1720s and the 1760s-1850s). Three identified periods of disastrous gullying accompanied by muddy floods (the 14th century, the mid-16th century - the 1730s, the 1780s - the mid-19th century) refer to temporal conformity of both fluvial and runoff processes. High frequency of debris flows in the Slovak part of the Tatra Mts. occured in the period of 1400-1860 AD. Sparse mentions on precipitation -induced particular events of debris flows, landslides or rockfalls are mostly linked with simultanoues occurrence of floods.








Breaches to the side-channel closure (and dike) at the village of Rusovce (Carlburg), illustrating the destructive force of the 1780 and 1784 ice floods.

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Dunajská povodeň roku 1787 a Bratislava.

Pišút, P., 2011. Dunajská povodeň roku 1787 a Bratislava (The 1787 flood of the River Danube in Bratislava). Geografický časopis, 63 (1): 87-109, English abstract and summary.

The flood that occurred at the turn of October and November of 1787 was probably the second largest one on record of the last millenium in the River Danube. This "All Saints´flood hit most badly the Austrian reach of the Upper Danube and the Slovak section of the Middle Danube with the severest material damage to the area of contemporary greater Bratislava (suburbs of Petržalka and Rusovce). With the estimated peak flow of 11,800 m3.s-1 it had a character of a 200-500 year flood in Bratislava. This paper is aimed to reconstruct the causes, course and effects of the flood, mainly based on analysis of contemporary reports published in the local German newspaper Presburger Zeitung, supplemented by the 1781-1790 manuscipt maps. This flood was exceptional for its occurrence in the autumn period with pronounced geomorphic effects. Fortunately, the high flow only took a minimum toll of lives in Slovakia and its destructive impact on residential buildings, boat mills and vessels was not as devastating as in the case of other large floods, especially those caused by the jammed ice. Nevertheless, it was one of the most destructive events (1787, 1809) that badly damaged the right-bank artificial levee of Petržalka, an important local protective structure intended to prevent flooding and facilitate transportation to Vienna.

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Endangerment of the village Čunovo (Slovakia) by lateral erosion of the Danube River in the 18th Century.

Pišút, P., 2008. Endangerment of the village Čunovo (Slovakia) by lateral erosion of the Danube River in the 18th Century. Moravian Geographical Reports, 16 (4): 33-44. 9 Figs., 39 refs., 18 historical map references.

Analysis of old maps enabled reconstruction of extremely dynamic channel changes of the Danube River along the part of its Slovak reach at the end of the 18th century. Prior to 1790, rapid development of a new Danube meander led to partial destruction of the small village Čunovo near Bratislava. Stone groynes were constructed to protect the undercut banks and to divert the flow into the new channel. Retreat of eroded banks at Čunovo over the periods 1783-1790 and 1790-1794 reached up to 432 and 229 m, respectively. Corresponding maximum rates of lateral erosion 57-72 m per year and/or 31-76 m during a single event are comparatively high in Central European conditions. Initiation and rapid development of the new meander were related to 1) increased river activity during the last onset of the Little Ice Age period, 2) serious channel changes after 1760 on the immediately upstream reach from Bratislava to Rusovce, 3) siltation of the Lesser Danube, but also to 4) local predisposition of the floodplain topography.

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Deštrukcia Petržalky v druhej polovici 18. storočia laterálnou eróziou Dunaja.

Pišút, P., 1993. Deštrukcia Petržalky v 2. polovici 18. storočia laterálnou eróziou Dunaja. Geografický časopis, 45 (1): 41-52. In Slovak, English abstract and summary, 6 Figs., 7 refs.

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Channel evolution of the pre-channelized Danube River in Bratislava, Slovakia (1712-1886).

Pišút, P., 2002. Channel evolution of the pre-channelized Danube River in Bratislava, Slovakia (1712-1886). Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 27 (4): 369-390.

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History of the Ostrov Kopáč island - História územia Ostrova Kopáč.

Pišút, P., Timár, G., 2007. História územia ostrova Kopáč, pp. 7-30. In: Majzlan, O. (ed.) Príroda ostrova Kopáč. Fytoterapia OZ, Bratislava, 287 s. In Slovak with English summary, 6 Figs.

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Ostrov Kopáč, jadro prírodnej rezervácie. Ostrov Kopáč Island, core of the current nature reserve: massive gravel body was deposited by major floods of 1780s-1810s, originally as a large point bar of rapidly developing Danube meander. Foto © P.Pišút.


Ostrov Kopáč, jarný aspekt. Foto 15.4.2007 © P.Pišút.

Zimná nálada na Kopáči. Foto 28.12.2008 © P.Pišút.

Reconstructed evolution of Lower Smrečianka River in its Response Zone according to Historical Maps.

Pišút, P., Tomčíková, I., 2008: Rekonštrukcia vývoja Smrečianky v jej odozvovej zóne podľa historických máp. Geographia Cassoviensis, 2 (2): 122-127. In Slovak, with English abstract and summary, 1 Tab., 3 Figs.

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Abstract:
Analysis of historical maps from 1770s-1860s within the ArcView GIS environment indicates, that past course of lower Smrečianka river (= right-side tributary of the Váh river in Liptovská kotlina Basin, N Slovakia) in its response zone significantly differed from the present one. The river was not only flowing parallel to the Váh towards west, but also exhibited a meandering planform then with sinuosity index of 1.56. The current low-sinuosity lower reach of Smrečianka (river km 0-1.9) resulted from an avulsion some time in 1820s.

Changes in the Danube riverbed from Bratislava to Komárno in the period prior to its regulation for medium water (1886-1896)

Pišút, P., 2006. Changes in the Danube riverbed from Bratislava to Komárno in the period prior to its regulation for medium water (1886 – 1896). In: Mucha, I.; Lisický, M. J. (eds.): Slovak-Hungarian Environmental Monitoring on the Danube. Bratisalava : Ground Water Consulting, s. 186-190. ISBN 80-968211-4-8.

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Obr.V.1.2 - Hypotetická rekonštrukcia rozvetvenia toku Dunaja do hlavných ramien na úseku Bratislava-Komárno v 11.-14. storočí.